Dams are structures built across streams, rivers, or other water bodies, usually in a bid to block water flow and cause the formation of a pond or lake upstream of the day. The water impounded behind a dam is primarily used for irrigation of crops, drinking, and more relatable, electricity. Electricity generated by dams, which is called hydroelectricity, is generated by allowing water to run in a downward, sloppy manner through fan-like turbines. The turbines then turn generators that give off electricity, that's how it works. This process is a modern application of the ancient water wheel principle for extracting work from falling water. Hydroelectricity is important today as many countries and states of the world generate their electricity through this process.

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The power of moving water has been used since ancient times to mill flour, pump water, move grindstones and sawmills, and help drive simple machinery. But it was only towards the end of the 19th century that the energy generated by flowing water was first harnessed to produce electricity. A hydroelectric system involves putting up a dam to store vast quantities of water in a reservoir. The power of the “falling” water, which is released regularly, is used to turn the blades of a turbine. The turbine, in turn, drives a generator, which produces electricity.

Hydroelectric power plants work day and night and can generate electricity depending on the electricity goal and/or demands. In a pumped-storage facility, a special type of hydropower plant which contains two reservoirs, the plant can pump water back to the upper reservoir using a reversible turbine. This is done in off-peak hours. By pumping water back to the upper reservoir, the plant has more water to generate electricity during periods of peak consumption. Water-rich mountainous countries such as Norway can meet almost their entire electricity needs from hydropower. In Alpine nations such as Switzerland and Austria, it accounts for almost two-thirds of electricity generation. By contrast, hydropower makes up just 3.5 percent of the energy mix in Germany, according to the environment ministry. Hydroelectric power supplies a sixth of the world's electricity demands.

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